Table 1 |
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Description of fMRI studies on facial emotion processing, comparing a group of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients to healthy controls (HCs) |
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Author/year |
Reference |
Participants |
Patient mean age (SD) |
Patient (a) mean duration of illness in months; (b) mean episodes |
Medication |
Emotions |
Paradigm and stimulus type |
Stimulus duration |
Analysis approach |
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Whole brain and/or ROI data: |
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Almeida et al. 2010 |
[62] |
15 MDD, 15 HC, (15 BDD), (15 BDDr) |
32.74 (9.87) |
(a) 13.67 ± 9.87; (b) not reported |
Yes |
Fear, sad, happy |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed 50% and 100% intensity. Explicit task: label emotion. |
2 s |
ROI |
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|
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Frodl et al. 2009 |
[43] |
12 MDD, 12 HC |
43.3 (11.2) |
Not reported |
Yes |
Sad, angry |
Emotion face-matching task. Ekman faces. Explicit task: match emotion. Implicit task: match gender. Control task: match shapes. |
5.3 s |
Whole brain, ROIs |
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Frodl et al. 2011 |
[27] |
24 MDD, 15 HC |
38.9 (10.4) |
(a) 56.0 ± 63.4; (b) 1.6 ± 0.7 |
No |
Sad, angry |
Emotion face-matching task. Faces from Gur and colleagues. Explicit task: match the emotion. Implicit task: match the gender. Control task: match shapes. |
5.3 s |
Whole brain |
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Fu et al. 2004; Fu et al. 2007 |
19 MDD, 19 HC |
43.2 (8.8) |
Not reported |
No |
Sad, happy |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed to express low, medium and high intensities. Implicit task: indicate the sex of the face. |
3 s |
Whole brain |
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Fu et al. 2008 |
[33] |
16 MDD, 16 HC |
40.0 (9.4) |
(a) not reported; (b) 0.63 |
No |
Sad |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed to express low, medium and high intensities. Implicit task: indicate the sex of the face. |
3 s |
Whole brain |
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Gotlib et al. 2005 |
[45] |
18 MDD, 18 HC |
35.2 |
Not reported |
Yes |
Sad, happy, neutral |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Implicit task: indicate the sex of the face. |
3 s |
Whole brain |
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Keedwell et al. 2005 |
[42] |
12 MDD, 12 HC |
43 (9.8) |
Not reported |
Yes |
Sad, happy, neutral |
Mood provocation paradigm. Individual autobiographical memory prompts played prior to the presentation of mood congruent facial expressions. Ekman faces. Task: oral subjective rating of mood. |
2 s |
Whole brain |
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Lawrence et al. 2004 |
[37] |
9 MDD, 11 HC, (12 BDD) |
41a (11) |
(a) 96 ± 60; (b) not reported |
Yes |
Sad, fear, happy, neutral |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed 50% and 100% intensity. Implicit task: indicate the sex of the face. |
2 s |
Whole brain, ROIs |
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Lee et al. 2008 |
[38] |
21 MDD, 15 HC |
46.8 (9.1) |
(a) 14.8 ± 3.3; (b) 1.9 ± 0.8 |
Yes |
Sad, angry, neutral |
Face viewing paradigm. Data set of Korean faces. Task: evaluative ratings (arousal, valence). |
1.5 s |
ROIs |
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Matthews et al. 2008 |
[28] |
15 MDD, 16 HC |
24.5 (5.5) |
(a) not reported; (b) 4.46 |
No |
Angry, fear, happy |
Emotion face-matching task. Emotional faces. Task: match faces. |
5 s |
ROI |
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Peluso et al. 2009 |
[35] |
14 MDD, 15 HC |
37.9 (14) |
Not reported |
No |
Angry, fear |
Emotion face-matching task. Ekman faces. Explicit task: match emotion. Implicit task: match faces. Control task: match shapes. |
5 s |
Whole brain, ROI |
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Scheuerecker et al. 2010 |
[41] |
13 MDD, 15 HC |
37.9 (10.1) |
(a) 52.3 ± 71.5; (b) 1.45 ± 0.68 |
No |
Sad, angry |
Emotion face-matching task. Faces from Gur and colleagues. Explicit task: match the emotion. Implicit task: match the gender. Control task: match shapes. |
Whole brain |
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Sheline et al. 2001 |
[34] |
11 MDD, 11 HC |
40.3 |
Not reported |
No |
Fear, happy, neutral |
Subliminal emotion paradigm. Masked Ekman faces. Task: indicate the sex of the face. |
Prime: 40 ms; mask: 160 ms |
ROI |
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Surguladze et al. 2010 |
[39] |
9 MDD, 9 HC |
42.8 (7.2) |
(a) 96 ± 61.2; (b) not reported |
Yes |
Disgust, fear, neutral |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed 50% and 100% intensity. Implicit task: indicate the sex of the face + offline facial affect recognition task. |
2 s |
Whole brain |
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Surguladze et al. 2005 |
[31] |
16 MDD, 14 HC |
42.3 (8.4) |
(a) 90 ± 61.2; (b) not reported |
Unknown |
Sad, happy, neutral |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed 50% and 100% intensity. Implicit task: indicate the sex of the face. |
2 s |
Whole brain, ROIs |
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Suslow et al. 2010 |
[30] |
30 MDD, 26 HC |
38.8 (11.4) |
(a) 72.2 ± 75.0; (b) 2.7 ± 2.0 |
Yes |
Sad, happy, neutral |
Subliminal emotion paradigm. Masked Ekman faces. Task: evaluative ratings of the neutral mask face (valence) + offline detection task. |
Prime: 33 ms; mask: 467 ms |
Whole brain, ROI |
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Townsend et al. 2010 |
[40] |
15 MDD, 15 HC |
46.6 (11.2) |
(a) 176.4 ± 159.6; (b) 3 (median) |
No |
Sad, fearful |
Emotion face-matching task. Ekman faces. Explicit task: match emotion. Control task: match shapes. |
Whole brain, ROIs |
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Victor et al. 2010 |
[29] |
22 MDD (16 MDDr), 25 HC |
33.2 (5.0) |
Not reported |
No |
Sad, happy, neutral |
Subliminal emotion paradigm. NimStim set of facial expressions. Task: remember the neutral target face and respond to indicate whether this target face appears during the current trial. |
Prime: 26 ms; mask: 107 ms |
Whole brain, ROI |
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Zhong et al. 2011 |
[36] |
29 MDD, 31 HC, (26 CV subjects) |
20.45 (1.82) |
Not reported |
No |
Fearful, angry |
Emotion face-matching task. Standardized set of Chinese facial expressions. Implicit task: match faces. Control task: match shapes. |
5 s |
ROI, Whole brain |
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Functional connectivity studies: |
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Almeida et al. 2009 |
[47] |
16 MDD, 16 HC, (15 BDD) |
32.3 (9.7) |
(a) 13.4 ± 9.6; (b) not reported |
Yes |
Sad, happy, neutral |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed 50% and 100% intensity. Explicit task: label emotion. |
2 s |
Dynamic causal modeling |
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Carballedo et al. 2011 |
[48] |
15 MDD, 15 HC |
39.87 (8.57) |
Not reported |
No |
Sad, angry |
Emotion face-matching task. Ekman faces. Explicit task: match emotion. Control task: match shapes. |
5.25 s |
Structural equation modeling |
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Chen et al. 2008 |
[49] |
19 MDD, 19 HC |
34.3 (8.6) |
Not reported |
No |
Sad |
Facial expression processing paradigm. Ekman faces. Morphed to express low, medium and high intensities. Implicit task: indicate the sex of the face. |
3 s |
Functional connectivity |
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Dannlowski et al. 2009 |
[50] |
34 MDD, 31 HC |
38.6 (12.2) |
(a) 125.0 ± 125.5; (b) 4.7 ± 5.3 |
Yes |
Sad, angry, happy, neutral |
Passive face viewing paradigm. Ekman faces. |
500 ms |
Functional connectivity |
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Frodl et al. 2010 |
[51] |
25 MDD, 15 HC |
39.4 (10.4) |
(a) 51.8 ± 63.9; (b) 1.52 ± 0.6 |
No |
Sad, angry |
Emotion face-matching task. Ekman faces. Explicit task: match emotion. Implicit task: match gender. Control task: match shapes. |
Functional connectivity |
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Mathews et al. 2008 |
[28] |
15 MDD, 16 HC |
24.5 (5.5) |
(a) not reported; (b) 4.46 |
No |
Angry, fear, happy |
Emotion face-matching task. Emotional faces. Task: match faces. |
5 s |
Functional connectivity |
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BDD, bipolar disorder; BDDr, bipolar disorder remitted; CV, cognitive vulnerability; MDDr, major depressive disorder remitted; ROI, region of interest |
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Stuhrmann et al. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders 2011 1:10 doi:10.1186/2045-5380-1-10 |
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